·构成：由动词原形加词尾-ing构成，与动名词的构成一致。

·与动名词的区别：现在分词与其所修饰的名词在逻辑上具有主谓关系；动名词则表示其修饰的名词的性质，二者在逻辑上无主谓关系。

e.g. a sleeping child(a child is sleeping) a sleeping car 卧车

·用法：用作表语，定语，状语，补语

e.g. The news is encouraging.

She is a charming child.

Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.

I saw the naughty boy hitting the dog.

·现在分词独立结构：现在分词可有其独立的逻辑主语。这种主语常常是名词或代词主语，置于现在分词之前，二者构成一种分词独立结构。

e.g. The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off.

Weather permitting, we’ll have the match tomorrow.

·构成：规则动词加ed，不规则动词表

·用法：用作表语，定语，状语，补语

e.g. He’s gone.

Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier?

Seen in the light, the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose.

You must make yourself respected.

·过去分词独立结构：过去分词的独立主语常由名词或代词主格担任，一般置于过去分词之前。

e.g. This done, we went home.

Given time, he would win by perseverance.

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